No ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka laulā o nā huaʻai pono e hoʻokomoʻia i ka hanaʻana i nā mea kanu i manaʻoʻia he mea maʻamau. No ka laʻana, e like me actinidia, i mahi ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻĀsia no nā kenekulia he nui. Ma muli o ke ʻano palupalu o kāna mau huaʻai a me ka liʻiliʻi o ke ola o nā hua actinidia ʻaʻole i lilo i kumuhana o ka mahiʻai ʻoihana nui, akā i kēia manawa ke hoʻomaka nei ke kūlana, me Ukraine. ʻAʻole makemake wale ʻo Actinidia i nā amateurs akā i nā mahiʻai horticultural ʻoihana.
No laila, i kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka ʻike ʻana e pili ana i nā kūlana maikaʻi o ka wā ma Ukraine, ua hoʻoholo ka hui Farani Primland e hoʻokumu i ka hana ʻana o ka actinidia trade brand Nergi, nona ka ʻano Actinidia arguta ma Ukraine, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka moku ʻo Bilyaiv o Odessa ma ka ʻāina. ʻāina ʻo Black Sea Alliance. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka hua hoʻāʻo mua o nā hua actinidia Ukrainian i ka makahiki 2015 - ʻekolu mau makahiki ma hope o ke kanu ʻana, a ma 2016, hiki ke kūʻai ʻia nā hua actinidia ma nā hale kūʻai nui Ukrainian. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā huahana Ukrainian e ka Luna Hoʻokele ʻo Primland ʻo Francois Lafitte, he mea hoʻopukapuka kālā i ka mahiko. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e ulu maikaʻi ana ia mau māla ma Farani a me kekahi mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe ma ka hema o ʻEulopa Komohana. ʻO nā mea hana o ka brand Nergi ka hapa nui o ka poʻe ʻōpio makemake i ka mahiʻai ʻohana. ʻO ka awelika ʻo Nergi māla e noho mau i nā ʻāpana ʻāina liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 1 heka. A aia nā mea kanu actinidia ma ka moku ʻo Bilyaiv o ka ʻāina ʻo Odessa ma kahi o 23.50 mau ʻeka. Ma ke ala, ʻo kēia ka mea kanu actinidia ʻoihana mua i kū mai ma Ukraine.
ʻO Actinidia mai ka brand Nergi kahi hua liʻiliʻi e like me ke kiwi, akā he mau manawa liʻiliʻi i ka nui, no laila ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he kiwi pēpē. Hiki ke ʻai ʻia me ka ʻili ʻole. ʻOhi ʻia ka mea kanu ma ka lima mai ʻAukake a waena o Kepakemapa. Nui nā huaora i loko o nā hua. Hāʻawi kahi mea kanu mai 10 a 50 kg o nā hua i ka makahiki. Hoʻomaka ka Actinidia i ka waena o Mei. Aia nā mea kanu kāne a wahine. Ulu nā hua i loko o nā pūʻulu a puni ke kauwela. He ʻano kumu waina ka mea kanu, hiki i ka lōʻihi ke hiki i 6 mau mika, he liʻiliʻi nā lau.
MOOLELO O NA ANOAI
Ua hānai ʻo New Zealand Research Center i ka Actinidia arguta hou ma ke koho kūlohelohe, hoʻohui iā lākou ma lalo o ka brand Nergi. I kāna huakaʻi i New Zealand, ua paʻi ʻia ka luna Primland ʻo Francois Lafitte e kēia hua liʻiliʻi. I Kepakemapa 2016, me ke kākoʻo o ka Business France Agency, ua mālama ʻia kahi hōʻike o nā ʻano like ʻole o actinidia ma Kyiv, kahi i hoʻomaka ai ka ulu ʻana o nā māla Ukrainian me ka hui Farani Primland.
Ma 2017–2020, ua hana ke Keʻena ʻo Horticulture, Viticulture, Biology a me Chemistry o Odessa State Agrarian University i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano actinidia. ʻO ke kumu hoʻokolohua ke kanu ʻana o actinidia ma LLC "Black Sea Alliance". Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o nā hoʻokolohua ma nā kūlana o ka South-Western Black Sea Coast o Ukraine a me nā kūlana climatic like o ka mahi ʻana i ka actinidia e hiki ke hoʻokele waiwai, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻomohala o ke kanu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana ʻana o actinidia TM Nergi ma nā kikoʻī koʻikoʻi i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka māla, ma ka pūnaewele hōʻailona a i ka wā hoʻouna.
NA ELEMENT O KA HANA HANA
ʻO ka hoʻolālā o ke kanu ʻana i ka actinidia ma nā ʻāina o LLC "Black Sea Alliance" aia ma ka helu o 5 x 4 m. Loaʻa i ka mahiko nā pepa pepa a me nā kākoʻo. Ua māhele ʻia ka mahiko actinidia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana. Ma ka cell mua ma kahi o 8.25 ha a ma ka lua o ka cell ma kahi o 6.12 ha ua ulu ka cultivar o actinidia Tahi, a ma ka lua o ka cell ma kahi o 2.1 ha ka cultivar Isai. ulu. Ua kūʻai ʻia nā mea kanu mai ka nursery Farani "Sofuruileg SL". Ua ʻae ʻia ke kūʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu i lawe ʻia me ka Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine.
He mea maikaʻi ke ʻano mahana o ka wahi no ka ulu ʻana i ka actinidia ma ka ʻāina ākea: ʻo ka huina o nā mahana ma luna o 10 ° C - 4000-5000 ° C, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka wā hau - 220-290 mau lā, ʻo ka lōʻihi loa. ka liʻiliʻi - a hiki i ka liʻiliʻi o 15 ° С. Ma waho aʻe o Odesa, hiki ke ulu i ka actinidia ma Zakarpattia, Mykolaiv a me Zaporizhia oblasts, kahi o ka nui o nā mahana ma luna o 10 ° С a hiki i 3000-3400 ° C, a me ka wā hauʻole - 188-196 mau lā, ka palena palena loa - minus. 15–18 ° C. ʻO ka hoʻomohala maʻamau o actinidia a ma nā ea wela a hiki i + 25 ° C. Hiki i kekahi mau ʻano hou ke kū i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana i ka wā ulu i + 35 ° C a me ka hau a hiki i -17 ° C i ka wā dormancy.
ʻAʻole i hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau pesticide no ka mea ʻaʻole i hōʻino ʻia nā mea kanu e nā maʻi a me nā pest.
I nā makahiki ʻōpio a me nā pākeke, ʻae maikaʻi nā mea kanu actinidia i ka uhi ʻana i nā kumulāʻau, akā no ka hua maʻamau e pono ai ka lā, e ulu maikaʻi ma nā wahi mālamalama.
Nā koi kūikawā no nā kūlana lepo i actinidia - ka pH maikaʻi loa ma ka laulā o 4.5-5.5, ka mana kiʻekiʻe; lawa ka lako o ka wai a me nā pila ma ka ratio o N: P: K – 1: 2: 1; ʻino nā mea kanu i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka carbonates. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o Actinidia ma nā ʻāina ākea, loamy, kiʻekiʻe-momona, hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ʻia me ka nui o ka wai, ʻaʻole ʻae i ka wai kahe a pane maikaʻi ʻole i ka ea maloʻo. He kiʻekiʻe ke aloha i ka wai, i nā kūlana non-irrigated ka ulu maʻamau a me ka hua ʻana me ka ua o ka makahiki ma kahi o 800-1000 mm.
Hoʻopau nā mea kanu i ka ulu ʻana i ka manawa ma ka hāʻule, ʻo ka lāʻau o nā ʻōpuʻu, e hoʻonui ana i ko lākou paʻakikī hoʻoilo. Pono e uhi ʻia nā mea kanu hoʻokahi a me ʻelua makahiki me nā lau no ka hoʻoilo.
Ma mua o ke kanu ʻana i ka lepo, ʻōnaehana mālama ʻāina ma mua o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu
Hāʻawi ka ʻenehana i hoʻokahi manawa hohonu ma mua o ka kanu ʻana i ka lepo, e kōkua ana i ka wehe ʻana o ka lepo paʻa, a me ka ʻoki ʻana a me ka luku ʻana i nā koena aʻa.
No ke kanu ʻana, pono ʻia ka palau ʻana i kahi hohonu o 40 cm i ke ʻano o ke kanu ʻana ma mua o 2-3 mau mahina. Ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka mea kanu, pono e uhi ʻia ka lepo i ka diagonal 2 mau manawa. Ma mua o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka wahi no ke kanu ʻana, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka lepo, kanu ʻia a ʻōwili ʻia.
Ma ka wahi no ka actinidia, ua palau ʻia ka lepo i ka hohonu o 25-30 cm me ka noi mua ʻana o 60-80 t / ha o nā mea kanu organik a me 60 kg / ha o ka phosphorus a me ka potassium a i ʻole nā mea kanu i hoʻohana ʻia i ka lua i ka wā kanu.
Ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pepa kiʻi paʻi kiʻi a me ka mesh pale
Hoʻoulu ʻia ʻo Actinidia ma nā kākoʻo, hoʻokumu ʻia nā lālani e like me ke ʻano o ka wallpaper "paʻa". Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pou waena ma kahi mamao o 8 mau mika a kau i 5 mau ʻanuʻu o ka uea, 6 mau uea. ʻO ka papa mua ma ke kiʻekiʻe o 30 cm no ka hoʻoheheʻe wai. ʻO ka papa ʻelua he 60 knm ke kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka papa ʻekolu he 90 knm ke kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka papa ʻehā he 130 knm ke kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo ka papa ʻelima he 180 knm ke kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻopili ʻia ka papa ʻelima. No ka mākia pale, hoʻokomo ʻia kahi kia 5 mika i hoʻoikaika ʻia i kēlā me kēia 8 mika.
ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka lepo a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea kanu i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu ʻōpio
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana mālama ʻāina he sidereal. Aia ka ʻōnaehana kumu o actinidia ma ka ʻili o ka lepo, no laila ma waena o nā lālani e lūlū i ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
I ka makahiki mua o ka wā ulu, kanu ʻia nā manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo (alfalfa - 4 kg / ha) ma kahi o 17.20 ha, i ʻoki ʻia i ʻelua mau makahiki mai ka makahiki 2 o ka wā ulu me ka ʻole o ka ʻōpala a me ka palau.
No ka luku ʻana i nā nāhelehele a wehe i ka lepo i nā lālani, aia kahi manual 5-manawa e wehe ai i nā ʻōpala.
E hoʻomaka ana mai ka makahiki ʻelua o ka mea kanu - drip irrigation me kahi hopena o nā mineral fertilizers (ammonium sulfate).
Hiki ke kanu ʻia nā mea kanu ma waena o nā lālani o nā mea kanu ʻōpio. I ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu, pono e mālama ʻia ka lepo ma lalo o ka mahu maʻemaʻe a hoʻoinu ʻia i ka wā maloʻo.
Pono e hoʻopili ʻia nā fertilizers i ka hāʻule no ka ʻeli ʻana. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia aia ka ʻōnaehana kumu o actinidia, no laila ma lalo o nā kumulāʻau pono ʻoe e ʻeli i kahi hohonu o 10-12 cm no kēlā me kēia 0.01 ha hoʻokahi manawa i kēlā me kēia ʻelua makahiki e hana i 2-3 quintals o ka manure a i ʻole humus. a me nā fertilizers mineral - i kēlā me kēia makahiki: 1.5-2 kg o ka ammonium nitrate, 3-4 - superphosphate a me 1-1.5 kg o ka paʻakai pālolo. Me ka ulu maikaʻi o ka mea kanu, hoʻohana ʻia ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
Ke kanu a hoʻoponopono
ʻO ke kanuʻana i ka actinidia ma nā lepo o LLC "Black Sea Alliance" i hanaʻia i ka punawai o 2012. Ma hope o ka hoʻomākaukauʻana i ka lepo lepo no ke kanuʻana, ua māheleʻia ka'āpana i nā'āpana a me nā hīnaʻi, a ua kahaʻia nā wahi no nā alanui. Ua māhele lima ʻia ka pūnaewele i nā wahi me ke kōkua o ke kaula a me nā kaula ʻelua me nā kaha. Me ka mahiʻai mechanized ma waena o nā lālani o actinidia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kanu ʻana me nā lālani o 3-4 a me 2-3 m i ka lālani. Pono nā kākoʻo e kākoʻo i nā wana. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, e hoʻohana i ka wallpaper uea ʻano hua waina, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā mea kanu i hoʻohele like ʻia nā wana ma ka pepa kiʻi. Pono kona kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 2 m mai nā lālani ʻehā o ka uea i kau ʻia ma nā pou, ʻo ka mea haʻahaʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke kiʻekiʻe o 50-60 cm mai ka ʻili lepo, ʻo ke koena i ka mamao like mai kekahi i kekahi. I ke kanu ʻana, ʻokiʻoki ʻia nā mea kanu i 3-4 mau pua, hoʻohou ʻia nā ʻāpana, ʻoki ʻia nā mea i haki ʻia, ʻokiʻoki ʻia a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka lepo i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
ʻO ka hohonu o ka lua kanu 60 x 60 cm. I loko o kēlā me kēia lua i ka wā kanu e hana i ka lepo momona, 10-12 kg o humus, 100-200 g o superphosphate. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i kahi hui o ka sod a me ka lepo deciduous, ke one a me ka manure. Ma hope o ke kanu ʻana, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā mea kanu, a laila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā lua me ka peat, humus, nā lau hāʻule a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā mea kanu no ke kanu ʻana ma nā wahi hoʻomākaukau.
Ma mua o ke kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu, ʻoki ʻia nā wēlau a pau o nā aʻa i kahi maikaʻi. Ua ʻoki loa ʻia nā aʻa ʻino a popopo. Ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana, i mea e pale ai i ka maloʻo ʻana o nā aʻa i ka wā o ke kanu ʻana, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia lākou i loko o kahi hopena lepo.
Ma hope o nā hana hoʻomākaukau a pau, hoʻomaka ke kanu. Ua kanu ʻia nā mea kanu i kahi mau i ka makahiki ʻelua.
Ua kanu ʻia nā mea kanu i loko o nā lua o 0.60 x 0.60 m. Ma hope koke o ke kanu ʻana, ua hoʻoinu ʻia nā mea kanu i ka nui o 15 lita no ka mea kanu. Ma hope o ke kanu ʻana, ʻoki ʻia nā mea kanu i 3-4 mau pua.
I ka kanu ʻana ma lalo o kēlā me kēia seedling i hoʻohui ʻia i ka absorbent "MahiMagin" 2 papa, hoʻonui kēia hana i ka huahana lepo, hōʻiliʻili i ka wai a me nā meaʻai, hoʻoikaika i kā lākou hōʻiliʻili a me ka hoʻohana pono ʻana, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka wai-ea a me nā waiwai physicochemical. Hoʻolālā ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mea kanu i ka makahiki mua i loko o 5% o nā noho. ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mea kanu actinidia ma ke kanu ʻana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma nā mea kanu ʻōpio, no laila ua hana ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hāʻule o ka makahiki mua o ka mea kanu i ka nui o 1% o nā mea kanu kanu.
ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mea kanu actinidia, ʻo ia ke kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu ma kahi i hāʻule ai lākou, e pani ana i nā mea kanu maʻi a poino.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka pollination bee hoʻomalu ʻia o nā mea kanu kalepa actinidia
No ka pollination he mea pono ke kanu i nā mea kanu kāne a me nā wahine: hoʻokahi kāne a me 10-15 wahine a i ʻole hoʻokahi lālani o nā mea kanu kāne a me 5 mau lālani wahine.
He lāʻau dioecious ʻo Actinidia, no laila, pono e kau ʻia nā mea kanu wahine a me nā kāne ma ka pūnaewele. ʻO nā pua wahine i actinidia hoʻokahi a i hui pū ʻia; kau ʻia nā kāne ma luna o ʻelua - ʻekolu i loko o kahi inflorescence. Mohala i ka manawa like, e hāʻawi ana i ka pollination maikaʻi. No ka hua ʻana i nā mea kanu 5-10 me nā pua wahine hana pono, pono e kanu i hoʻokahi mea kanu me kahi ʻano pua kāne. Pono kēlā me kēia ʻano actinidia i kahi pollinator kūpono. ʻAʻole hiki mai ka pollination hou ma waena o kēlā me kēia ʻano. Eia kekahi, i ka wā pua o actinidia, pono e loaʻa iā 4-6 beehives no 1 ha o nā mea kanu me nā pi e hōʻoia i ka pollination maʻamau.
Hoʻomaka nā mea kanu Actinidia e hua i ka makahiki ʻelua a ʻekolu paha ma hope o ke kanu ʻana. ʻO ka waiho ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻōpuʻu generative ke kumu o ka ulu ʻana o hoʻokahi makahiki o nā lōʻihi like ʻole i ka wā puna mua, ma kahi o 2 mau mahina ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manawa o ka pua piha. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao waena o ka apex pua e lilo i pistil paʻakikī me nā kolamu he nui, ʻo kēlā me kēia me kahi pahu wehe ʻokoʻa. Hoʻomaka ka pua mai ka hopena o Mei a waena o Iune. E like me ka manawa o nā ʻano pua i māhele ʻia i 3 mau pūʻulu: 1) mua; 2) awelika; 3) pua lohi. I loko o nā ʻano like ʻole, hiki ke ulu ka pua o nā mea kanu pistil a me nā stamen i ka manawa like. No laila, e hōʻoia i ka pollination maʻamau, koho ʻia nā ʻano o nā mea kanu pistil a me nā stamen e pua i ka manawa like. Hoʻoili ʻia ka pollen i nā pua pistil e nā inike a me ka makani.
Hoʻopuka nā pua Actinidia i kahi ʻala maikaʻi a maikaʻi hoʻi, pollinated maikaʻi ʻia e nā bumblebees a me nā pi, akā ʻaʻole lākou he meli meli, no ka mea ʻaʻohe o lākou nectaries. Hoʻohana ka nalo i ka pollen mai kēia mau pua i meaʻai protein. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka pua ʻana he ʻumi a ʻumikumamālua lā. I ka manawa like, hoʻopuka ʻo actinidia i nā wana ʻōpio e ulu ana i ʻelua mau mika i ke kauwela. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hāʻule, ua pau ka ulu ʻana o nā lianas, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā pua ma nā wana. ʻO nā hua i loko o ka actinidia piha i ka wai, loaʻa ka ʻono a me ka momona. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hoihoi o nā hua actinidia ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i ko lākou ʻala mai kēlā me kēia makahiki. I kekahi manawa, ʻala nā hua e like me ka pineapple, i kekahi manawa - apple. Aia ka hale kanu i kahi apiary no 120 mau kolo pi, i hoʻohana ʻia e pollinate i nā pua actinidia i ka wā pua.
ʻO Ukraine kahi moku'āina o nā māla, me ka pua e hoʻomaka ai ka pollination o nā mea kanu mahiʻai. Mohala mua ka apricot, a laila cherries, cherries. Aneane i ka manawa like me lākou e pua ka plum, a laila pear, nā ʻano kauwela o ka apple, a me nā ʻano hoʻoilo hoʻopau i kona pua. ʻO nā ʻano ʻano hua a pau, me nā pua bisexual, he cross-pollinated. Hiki ke pollinated kekahi mau ʻano ʻano hua palaoa me ka pollen o kā lākou ʻano ponoʻī a hāʻawi i kahi ʻohi liʻiliʻi. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia mau ʻano ʻano hua me ka cross-pollination. Kāohi ʻia ka pollination ponoʻī e ke ʻano o kā lākou mau pua, nā lā maturation like ʻole o nā pistils a me nā anthers. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hāʻawi ka pollen mai ka pua like a i ʻole kahi ʻano like ʻole mai kahi lāʻau ʻē aʻe. Hiki i ka pua o ka ʻano hua ke hoʻomoʻi wale ʻia e ka pollen o ka ʻano pollinator i kapa ʻia. I ka horticulture, ʻike ʻia nā pollinators maikaʻi loa no kekahi mau ʻano. Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia i ka wā e waiho ai i nā māla. Ma waho aʻe o nāʻano nui, e pili ana i keʻano o ka māla, kanu i nāʻano pollinators likeʻole. ʻO nā hopena o ka pollination a me ka hua o nā kīhāpai e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka agrotechnology o ka horticulture, ka makahiki o nā kumulāʻau, ka ikaika o ka pua, ke ʻano o ka wā, ʻoi aku ka wā o ka pua, a me ka pollination o nā pi. He kakaikahi wale no na pepeke pollinating hihiu i keia wa mua o ka punawai, a he mea nui ko lakou kuleana i ka pollination. ʻO nā pollinators nui o nā māla ʻo ka meli meli. Me ka ʻole o lākou, ʻaʻole hana nā lāʻau hua i nā ovaries a ma hope o ka pua nui ʻaʻole e hāʻawi i ka ʻohi i makemake ʻia. Ke kiʻekiʻe ka saturation o nā pi, hoʻokumu nā māla ikaika i ka 30 - 40% o nā ovaries pono, a me ka nui o ka pua ovary 2 - 3% o nā pua e hāʻawi i kahi hua kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā pua o kekahi mau ʻano ʻano he mau anthers pili, he mea paʻakikī i ka nalo ke komo i ka nectar. Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia kēia mau pua e nā nalo e ʻohi pollen. Ma nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe, manuahi ke komo ʻana i ka nectar. ʻO nā nalo, e hōʻiliʻili iā ia, pollinate pua liʻiliʻi, a liʻiliʻi nā ovaries.