Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā huahana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma Italia i ka makahiki 1980 ma hope o ka leʻaleʻa i ka kūleʻa pāʻoihana nui ma nā mākeke Farani. ʻOiai lākou i hoʻomaka lohi, ke ʻike nei nā mea hana i nā mākeke hoihoi e pili ana i ka ulu. Ua ʻike ʻia ke kūʻai aku ʻana o nā huahana hou o Italia i ka piʻi ʻana o 38 pakeneka o ka waiwai i ka makahiki 2003 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka makahiki i hala. I loko o kēlā manawa hoʻokahi, ua lele ke kūʻai aku i ka 123 pakeneka ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻāina, e hāʻawi ana i nā manawa ulu nui no kēlā mau hui e hoʻolako ana i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu i ʻoki ʻia ma laila.
I ka makahiki 1999, he 50 mau hui e hana ana i na huaai a me na mea kanu ma Italia. ʻO ia mau mea, he 33 e hana ana i nā huahana i ʻoki hou ʻia, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo "quarta gamma," aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe he 17 e kūʻai aku ana i nā mea i kapa ʻia e ka poʻe Italia i nā huahana "Quinta gamma", a i ʻole nā huahana hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia, hoʻomaʻamaʻa māmā ʻia, nā huahana palaho e koi ana i ka pahu hau. waihona.
Ua hāʻawi ʻo Professor Giancarlo Colelli o ka Universita 'degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italia, i kekahi mau ʻike e pili ana i nā mea e hana nei ma Italia i ka hana o kahi papa hana, "E hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻokele maikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻoihana huaʻai a me nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi o ka Euro-Med Area. ,” i mālama ʻia i ka lā 13-14 o Dekemaba, 2003 ma Mesagne, Italia. Ua hōʻano hou ʻia kekahi o nā helu helu i ʻōlelo ʻia.
kanakolukūmākolu Hana ʻOki hou
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana e hana ana i nā huahana ʻokiʻoki hou aia ma ka ʻĀkau o Italia, kuhikuhi ʻo Colelli. I ka makahiki 2001, ʻo ka nui o ka poʻe hana o ka poʻe i komo i ka hana ʻana i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi ma kahi o 600, me ka awelika helu o nā limahana no kēlā me kēia hui he ʻumikūmālua, ʻoiai he nui nā hui e hoʻohana i nā limahana kau.
ʻO ka nui o ka waiwai o ka ʻoihana he 206.5 miliona Euros, me ka awelika o ka ulu ʻana o ka makahiki ma kahi o 19.6 pakeneka mai ka makahiki 1997, wahi a ke kumu. ʻEhā mau hui e hoʻomalu ma kahi o 61 pākēneka o ka ʻoihana ʻoki hou a ʻoi aku ma mua o 71 ka nui o nā huahana "quinta gamma", a i ʻole nā huahana hiki ke hoʻohana, hoʻomaʻamaʻa māmā ʻia, nā huahana palaho e pono ai ka mālama ʻana i ka pahu hau. Ke hele nei ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo me nā hui nui e komo ana i ka ʻoihana: French Bonduelle (loaʻa iā Italia's Ortobell a me Cielo e Campo, nā hui Italia nui ʻelua e hana ana i nā huahana "quarta gamma") a me Cirio Del Monte Italia, ma o kāna Compagnia Agroalimentare del Fresco i komo.
Ma ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ʻikepili hou aʻe, ua kau ka hōʻike a Colelli i nā huahana ʻoihana hou i 257 a me 355 miliona Euros no nā makahiki 2002 a me 2003, kēlā me kēia. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ke kūʻai ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki no ka ʻoihana ʻokiʻoki hou i ia mau makahiki he 38 pakeneka, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka pālua o ka helu o nā makahiki ʻelima i hala. I loko o ia manawa, ʻo ka hana maoli ʻo 30.5 a me 40.7 tausani metric tons me ka piʻi makahiki o 33 pakeneka.
Eia nō naʻe, i ka makahiki 2003, ua hōʻike ʻia nā huaʻai hou i ʻoki ʻia i ka 11 pakeneka o ka nui o ka mākeke meaʻai, wahi a Colelli. ʻO nā huahana "Quinta gamma" he 1.1 pakeneka wale nō. Ma ke ʻano o ka waiwai, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā huahana hou i ʻoki ʻia ma mua o 46 pakeneka o ka nui o ka mākeke meaʻai i hoʻomoʻa ʻia, aʻo nā huahana "quinta gamma" he 1.5 pakeneka.
ʻO nā salakeke - 60 pakeneka o ka mākeke
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā salads ma mua o 60 pakeneka o nā mea kūʻai aku i ʻoki hou ʻia, haʻi ʻo ia. Hoʻomākaukau ʻia kēia mau mea i nā hui like ʻole a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā ʻeke a me nā pā. He kanakolukūmāhā pakeneka i loko o nā ʻeke; Aia ka 27 pakeneka i loko o nā pā. Ma waena o nā mea kanu kaulana loa i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā salakeke, ʻo ia ka letus (Lactuca sativa L.), radicchio (Cichorium intybus L. o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole) a me ka arugula (Diplotaxis muralis L.), i kapa ʻia i kekahi manawa he "rocket salad." Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā lau pēpē spinach (ma kahi o 15 pakeneka), kāloti (9 pākēneka) a me "Minestrone," kahi hui ʻai meaʻai e like me ka spinach, carrot, zucchini, onion, squash, celery and parsley. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hoʻohana ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu no ka soup "minestrone" (9 pakeneka). ʻO nā huahana liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe ma kahi o 6 pakeneka o ka mākeke.
ʻO nā huaʻai hou i ʻoki ʻia-ʻo ka nui o nā melons, nā hua kiwi a me nā ʻāpala-ua lohi i ka hele ʻana mai a ke kūʻai ʻia nei he hapa liʻiliʻi loa o ka pai, wehewehe ʻo Colelli.
E like me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia nā pono hana maka ma waena o nā mea hana a me nā mea hana, e like me nā koi kikoʻī e kuhikuhi ana i nā ʻano mea e ulu ai, nā hana mahiʻai a me nā pae oʻo. ʻO ia mau ʻaelike e hoʻemi i ka pilikia o nā kaʻina hana traceability. ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā huahana maka mai nā mākeke kūʻai nui, me nā pilikia hou aʻe e pili ana i ka kūlike o nā ʻano a me ka traceability.
Makeke Kūʻai - ʻoi aku ma mua o 90 pakeneka o nā mea kūʻai aku
I ka makahiki 2001, ʻoi aku ma mua o 90 pakeneka o nā huaʻai hou a me nā mea kanu mea kanu i hele i nā mākeke kūʻai - 13-14 pākēneka ma o nā mea kūʻai nui, 3 a 4 pākēneka i nā hale kūʻai kūʻai kuʻuna, 1 a 2 pākēneka i nā hale kūʻai kūʻai paʻakikī a me 76 a 77 pakeneka i ka mea i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka "large supply chain". Ma kahi o 3 a 6 wale nō ka nui o ka hana i hele i nā hui lawelawe meaʻai e like me nā hale ʻaina, nā lawelawe ʻai a me nā ʻakomi
nā mea lawe.
ʻO ka waiwai i hoʻohui ʻia no ka ʻoihana huahana liʻiliʻi loa i ka makahiki 2001 ma kahi o 34.7 miliona Euros, e hōʻike ana i ka 17 pakeneka o ka nui o nā huahana no ka ʻoihana, wahi a Colelli.
Ma ka awelika, loaʻa i nā mea hana a me nā mea hoʻolako kaulahao ma mua o 85 ka nui o ka loaʻa kālā mai ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā huahana, aʻo nā mea ʻai meaʻai maka wale nō e loaʻa iā 10 a 15 pakeneka.
Nā Hoʻopau Kūʻai
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hoʻonā hoʻopihapiha i hoʻohana ʻia ma Italia he mea maikaʻi wale nō i ka pale ʻana mai ka haumia a me ka dehydration nui, wahi a Colelli. Kakaikahi ka mea e hōʻoia i ka hoʻohui kinoea maikaʻi loa i loko o ke poʻo. ʻOiai, i kekahi mau hihia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kūlana lewa i hoʻololi ʻia i loko o ka pūʻolo i ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana i ke ola maikaʻi o nā huahana, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lewa i hoʻololi ʻia i kona hiki.
I kēia mau lā, ʻo ka mea hoʻohana kaulana loa no nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi he kiʻi propylene no nā ʻeke (a i ʻole nā uluna), nā mea polyolefin no nā ʻeke nui a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni extensible i loko o ka plasticized PVC no ke kāwili pā. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hoʻopihapiha hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻeke (250 a me 500 gram packs), ʻo ia ka 60 pakeneka o ka mākeke ʻoki hou e pili ana i ka nui. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻōnaehana pillow i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopihapiha ʻē aʻe mai ka hoʻemi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai hana me nā kaʻina hana hoʻopiha piha a me ke kaupaona ʻana. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole like ka nani o ka helehelena ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā pā palaka i ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻike maka no nā mea kūʻai.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hana hoʻopihapiha he mau hui haole i loaʻa nā lālā ʻoihana ma Italia, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, ke hāʻawi nei nā ʻoihana kūloko i nā mea ʻenehana haʻahaʻa.
ʻO ke kinoea ʻenehana
ʻO ka Nitrogen ke kinoea ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia no nā huahana liʻiliʻi loa, e like me Colelli. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka carbon dioxide i hui pū me ka nitrogen (no nā huahana quinta gamma) a me ka nitrogen a me ka ea no nā mea kanu a me nā huaʻai hou. Hāʻawi kekahi mau hui i nā hui kinoea i hoʻomākaukau mua ʻia (maʻamau i nā hui like ʻole o ka nitrogen, oxygen a me carbon dioxide) e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā pūʻolo e hoʻololi i ka ea. ʻO nā hui kinoea ʻē aʻe, loaʻa ka argon a i ʻole ka oxygen super-atmospheric, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia no nā huahana liʻiliʻi. Ke hana nei nā hui kūloko a me nā ʻāina ʻē i ka mākeke e hāʻawi ana i ke kinoea ʻenehana no ka ʻoihana liʻiliʻi o Italia.
pono
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana e hāʻawi ʻia e nā mea hana Italia, wahi a Colelli. Ke kūʻai aku nei kekahi mau ʻoihana i nā lako meaʻai no ka ʻoihana meaʻai ma ke ʻano maʻamau i hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia no ka ʻoki ʻoki hou ʻana, aʻo nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e loea i nā lako no nā laina hana ʻoki hou.
"Ke piʻi nui nei ka ʻoihana huaʻai a me nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi ma Italia i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻoihana huahana hou o Italia, wahi a ka mea noiʻi. Paipai nā ʻano like ʻole i ka ulu ʻana o kēia ʻoihana kūikawā, me ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano maikaʻi o kēia mau huahana e nā mea kūʻai.
"Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia he nui, ma ka ʻenehana a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka hana," wahi a Colelli. "ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou loa, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā mea kūʻai aku a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka mākeke lawelawe meaʻai e hōʻike wale ana i nā mea liʻiliʻi e pono ai ka hoʻomohala hou a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi."