I ka makahiki 1998, i ka wā i hoʻokumu ai ʻo Mike Orzolek a me aʻu i ka Penn State Center for High Tunnel Research and Education, ke kūkulu nei mākou i ka noiʻi maikaʻi loa a me ka hana Extension i alakaʻi ʻia e Otho Wells, University of New Hampshire.
Ma ke kamaʻilio hou ʻana me Wells, ka polopeka emeritus, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e noiʻi i nā tunnels i ka makahiki 1983. Ua hana ʻia kāna mau tunnels mua ma ke kuʻo ʻana i ke kahawai uila i loko o nā hoops ākea ākea e uhi ai i kahi lālani o nā tōmato i ulu me ka mulch plastik ʻeleʻele a me ka wai hoʻoheheʻe a he ʻeono. kapuaʻi kiʻekiʻe.
Ua hui pū ʻo Wells me Ed Person mai Ledgewood Farms ma Moultonborough, New Hampshire e hoʻāʻo ana me ka hana ʻana i nā papa ala hele wāwae kiʻekiʻe a hui pū lākou i kahi hoʻolālā ala hele wāwae kiʻekiʻe no ka ʻāina ʻo New England a me kahi ʻōnaehana no ka ulu ʻana i nā tōmato mua. I ka wā i hoʻomaha ai ʻo Wells i ka makahiki 1999, ua hoʻoholo mua māua ʻo Mike he nui aʻe ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻonaʻauao e pono e hana ʻia ma nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe, a i ka makahiki 1998 ua hoʻomaka mākou e kūkulu i 17-kapuaʻi-ākea me 36-kapuaʻi-lōʻihi tunnels i kūʻai ʻia mai Ledgewood. Nā mahiʻai.
Ua komo pū mākou i nā kumu aʻoaʻo Extension county, i loaʻa i ka ʻike lima lima ma ke kahua a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hana kope mākou i ka hoʻolālā kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻōnaehana hana no nā ʻōmato a Well's i hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hoʻoulu i kā mākou hua mua o nā tōmato.
A laila, hoʻololi mākou i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka pā hope mua e ʻae i kahi 21-horsepower liʻiliʻi, ʻehā huila kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa e holo i ka lepo. Ua hoʻohana mākou i ka mīkini hoʻomoe ʻilika liʻiliʻi hou i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka plastik 3-kapuaʻi-ākea, e hana ana i kahi moena 18-ʻīniha-ākea, hoʻokiʻekiʻe, uhi ʻia me ka lipine hoʻoheheʻe wai.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomau ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole a ua hoʻomaka ʻo Kathy Demchak, ka mea loea hua liʻiliʻi ʻo Penn State i kāna noiʻi paionia maikaʻi loa i ka hana ʻana i nā strawberries, nā raspberry ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻeleʻele. I ka wā lōʻihi, ua ulu mākou i kēlā me kēia mea kanu mai ka asparagus a i ka zucchini i nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe. Ma ka piko, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe 30 mai ka 14 a 20 kapuaʻi a hiki i 30 me 96 kapuaʻi, no laila hiki i nā mea kanu a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ke ʻike i nā nui like ʻole o nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea kanu i nā ʻano hana like ʻole, mai nā moena lāʻau hoʻokiʻekiʻe, ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka plasticulture moena lepo, ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu, nā hua liʻiliʻi a me nā pua ʻokiʻoki. Ma o nā papa haʻawina he nui, nā paʻi ʻana ma nā ʻano media like ʻole, nā hōʻikeʻike ma nā hālāwai mea kūʻai mea ulu a puni ka ʻāina a me nā kipa ma ka pūnaewele i ke kikowaena e kahi pūʻali o nā mea noiʻi, nā loea Extension a me nā mea ulu, ua hoʻomaka ʻia nā papahana tunnel kiʻekiʻe o ke kulanui a puni ka ʻāina. Ua hoʻomau ka poʻe mahiʻai i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā tunnel kiʻekiʻe i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana me Wells, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ma 1988 he 15 mau tunnels kiʻekiʻe ma New Hampshire a ma 1998 - kokoke i kona hoʻomaha ʻana - aia he 175 tunnels kiʻekiʻe.
Kahi e kū ai
No laila he aha ke kūlana o kēia manawa o nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe ma ka ʻāina Mid-Atlantic o ka ʻāina? Ua hoʻopili au i nā mea noiʻi kulanui, nā loea Extension a me nā kumu aʻo Extension county ma Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia a me West Virginia. ʻO kā lākou ʻae holoʻokoʻa ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka tunnel kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻenehana tunnel kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana ma kahi ala piʻi ikaika.
Eia hou, ua hoʻopili au i ka United States Department of Agriculture National Resource Conservation Services (NRCS) ma kēlā me kēia mokuʻāina e hōʻiliʻili i nā helu o nā haʻawina tunnel kiʻekiʻe i hāʻawi ʻia e lākou mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ia papahana ma ʻOkakopa 1, 2009. He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i kēlā. ʻO kēia mau helu e hōʻike ana i nā tunnel kiʻekiʻe i hōʻoia ʻia e NRCS a me ke kālā i hāʻawi ʻia a ʻaʻole nā mea i kāpae ʻia a i ʻole i ka pipeline e ʻae ʻia.
Eia nā pane NRCS e ka mokuʻāina: Pennsylvania, 408; New Jersey, 122; Delaware, 89; Maryland, 263; Virginia Komohana, 222; Virginia, 614; no ka huina o 1,718 tunnel kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka manaʻo o nā mea hoʻopili pilikino no nā tunnel kiʻekiʻe: Pennsylvania, 2,200 - me 250 ma ke Kalana ʻo Lancaster wale nō; New Jersey, 150; Maryland, 2,500; Delaware, 100; West Virginia, 850 a me Vireginia, 1,200. ʻO ka hapa nui he mau tunnel kiʻekiʻe e kū ana i ka nui mai 15 a 30 kapuaʻi ka laulā a me 96 kapuaʻi ka lōʻihi, ʻoiai aia kekahi mau ʻāpana multi-bay e like me Haygrove a me kekahi mau tunnels kiʻekiʻe hiki ke neʻe ma ka ʻāina.
ʻO nā hui i hōʻike i ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe ma ka ʻāina ʻo Ledgewood Farms, Atlas Greenhouse Systems, Growers Supply/Farmtek, Zimmerman's High Tunnels, Rimol Greenhouse Systems, Crop King, Haygrove Tunnels, H. Schawartz & Sons, Puckett Greenhouses, Beiler Greenhouses a me nā ʻāpana homemade. .
Hoʻonohonoho nā ʻōmato i ka wikiwiki
ʻO nā'ōmato ka hua helu 1 ma kahi mamao. He palena ʻole ka hoʻoilo a i ʻole ka hoʻoilo ʻana o ka hoʻoilo ma ka ʻāina a ʻo ia ka mea nui o nā hua aʻa, nā mea kanu cole a me nā lau lau a pili paha me ka hoʻoulu ʻana. ʻO nā pilikia maʻamau i ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻo ia ka pilikia o ka wai, ke olakino o ka lepo a me ke kūkulu ʻana o ka paʻakai i loko o ka lepo, ka nele o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hua maikaʻi, ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā maʻi i loko o ka lepo, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka mahana o nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe, ka pōʻino o ka makani a me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hua e loaʻa kālā ai.
ʻO nā mea hou i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāina he ʻenehana hou a me nā hoʻolālā i ka automation o nā puka makani o ka hale, nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao, ka ʻohana hou o nā uhi tunnel e hele mai ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana, nā ʻōnaehana hopu wai no nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana o ka lā, ka ʻohana hou o nā tunnels neʻe, ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mana olaola. a ʻoi aku ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pest. ʻOi aku ka hoihoi i nā ʻenehana hoʻokele no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke olakino o ka lepo i nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe a me ka loiloi mau ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano no nā tunnel kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea kanu hou.
Ua ʻae nā kānaka a pau e hoʻomau ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe e ulu a hoʻonui i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Ke piʻi nei ka hoʻohana ʻana o Pennsylvania
Ma Pennsylvania, ʻo Tom Ford, ka mea hoʻonaʻauao horticulture pāʻoihana, Cambria County; Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Jeff Stoltzfus, ka mea hoʻonaʻauao palekana meaʻai mahiʻai ma Lancaster County a me Tom Butzler, ka mea hoʻonaʻauao Extension ma Clinton County, ua manaʻo lākou e piʻi ka nui o nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe i loko o ʻelima mau makahiki, ʻoiai ke neʻe nei ka hana ʻana o nā tōmato i ka pale i hāʻawi ʻia e nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe.
Ua ʻike ʻo Butzler e loaʻa ana ka ikaika o nā mea kūʻai aku ma Pennsylvania, a ke hoʻolako nui ʻia nei e nā lālā o ke kaiāulu Plain sect, a ke nānā nei ʻo ia ke hoʻololi nei lākou i waho o ka waiu a hoʻohui i nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe i kā lākou hana, e ʻae iā lākou e hoʻomaka i ka hoʻomaka ʻana hana i ka hana a me ka hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻana i ka hana.
Ma Maryland, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Bryan Butler, ka luna nui ma Carroll County, me ka hāʻawi ʻana o NRCS i ke kālā no ke kūʻai ʻana i nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe, ua manaʻo ʻo ia ua haʻalele i ka poʻe i hāʻawi ʻole ʻia iā lākou ma mua o 10 a ʻoi aʻe paha mau makahiki i hala. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e nānā ka poʻe mahiʻai i nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe i pane i nā pilikia ulu āpau a ʻaʻole e nānā pono i kā lākou hoʻokele.
Ua ʻike ʻo Rose Ogutu, ka loea horticulture, Delaware State University, a me Dr. Gordon Johnson, Extension specialist, University of Delaware, he nui ko lākou ʻano o nā mea kanu ʻAsia - hoʻokahi mea kanu ma luna o 30 mau tunnels kiʻekiʻe. Manaʻo lākou e ʻike hou aku i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mana olaola i ka IPM i nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe i ka wā e hiki mai ana, a me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka hoʻohana ʻana e ka poʻe mahiʻai ʻĀsia.
ʻO kekahi o nā mea hopohopo nui loa o Chris Mullins, Extension specialist, Virginia State University, ʻo ia ka nui o ka poʻe i kākau inoa no ka papahana tunnel kiʻekiʻe o NRCS ʻaʻole maopopo i ka mea e ulu ai lākou a pehea e kūʻai aku ai i ka hua. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia he pono ka hoʻonaʻauao hou ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka haʻawina. E like me Pennsylvania, ʻokoʻa nā kūlana ulu ma Virginia mai nā mauna Shenandoah a i ka ʻāina ʻo Tidewater a pono e hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo i kēlā ʻāina kikoʻī.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Lewis Jett, Extension Specialist, West Virginia University, i ka hopohopo no ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia ʻana o nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe i ka hana piha a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai a puni ka hiki ke hiki i kahi tunnel kiʻekiʻe. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia e piʻi aʻe ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ke ʻano ʻino i ʻike ʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei i mea e pono ai ka hana moʻomeheu kiʻekiʻe i mālama ʻia.
ʻO Michelle Infante-Casella, luna mahiʻai, Gloucester County; ʻO Wes Kline, luna mahiʻai, Cumberland County; a ʻo Bob Muth, Muth Family Farms ma New Jersey, e ʻike i ka ulu mau ʻana o nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui me nā ʻōmato mākeke hou i ka haʻalele ʻana o nā mea kanu i ka hana ʻana ma muli o ke kaumaha o nā maʻi a me nā pilikia maikaʻi ma muli o ka ua ma ke kula a neʻe i nā tunnels kiʻekiʻe.
- He mea kākau ʻo William James Lamont Jr. no Vegetable Growers News. He polopeka hoʻi ʻo ia no nā mea kanu mea kanu, Penn State University Department of Plant Science.
Maluna. ka hoʻoilo ʻana o nā mea kanu paʻakikī i kahi tunnel kiʻekiʻe. Kiʻi: William Lamont