University o Arizona mea ʻepekema mea kanu a me ka polopeka emeritus Merle Jensen ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻāina hoʻomalu kaiapuni ʻo "ka hānau ʻana o kahi hoʻololi mahiʻai."
ʻO kahi pane kaulana i ka makemake o nā mea kūʻai aku i kēia lā no nā mea kanu hou, olakino, ulu kūloko, ke hoʻonui nei ka manaʻo o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ke hāʻawi nei i kahi kokoke $12 biliona hāʻawi i ke kaulahao meaʻai.
"He iwakāluakūmālima mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻo ka poʻe wale nō i makemake e kamaʻilio me aʻu e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana i ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻo ia ka poʻe mahiʻai mariuana, akā ua loli kēlā i kēia manawa," wahi a Jensen.
Ma hope o nā makahiki he ʻumi i ka ʻoihana e ulu nei, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, "I kekahi manawa manaʻo wau he mikionali horticultural."
Ma mua o ka makahiki 1965, manaʻo ʻo Jensen he manaʻo maikaʻi e hoʻāʻo e hoʻokomo i ka ea a me ka wela i loko o nā uhi lālani 150-kapuaʻi ka lōʻihi a hoʻohui i ka wai a me ka mea hoʻomomona ma o ka mea āna i kapa mua ai he "hose," a mākou i ʻike i kēia lā ʻo drip irrigation.
Ke hoʻololi nei nā mea ulu nui i nā ʻāpana o kā lākou māla i nā kaiapuni i hoʻomalu ʻia, a ke hoʻololi nei nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi i ka ʻenehana hale aniani. Ke hoʻonohonoho nei nā mea kanu mea kanu ma hope i nā hana liʻiliʻi e pale aku i nā pōpoki, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā kumukūʻai irrigation, hoʻopaʻa i ka lā a mālama i kahi hana a puni ka makahiki e hiki ai ke pale i ka mahana wela, e like me Jensen.
ʻAʻole ia he manaʻo hou. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hana ʻai meaʻai mua loa i mālama ʻia he mau kukama ma waho o ka wā i ulu ʻia "ma lalo o ka pōhaku aniani" no ka Emepera Roma Tiberius. Ua ulu ka poʻe ʻAigupita a me Babulona i nā meaʻai ma nā māla wai ma kahi o 3,000 mau makahiki i hala, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma nā waihona mōʻaukala.
A hiki i ka waena o ka makahiki 1900, ʻaʻole i loli ka hana mahiʻai maʻamau: ʻeli i lua, kanu i nā hua, wai a hānai iā ia, ʻohi i nā mauʻu makemake ʻole, a laila ʻohi i ka mea kanu a hauʻoli. ʻO ka wikiwiki i mua i ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ʻole nā mea kanu hale hoop i kēia manawa, e ulu nei i loko o nā moena lepo paʻa a i ʻole hydroponically.
"Ke ulu nei ia i nā mea kanu i loko o ka hopena o ka wai a me ka mea hoʻomomona, me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia ʻana o kahi ʻano hana like ʻole e like me ke one a i ʻole ka peat moss a i ʻole ka niu niu," wahi a Jensen. "ʻO ka koho e hoʻoneʻe i ka mahiʻai i loko o ka hale a me ka ulu ʻana (controlled environment agriculture). Loaʻa iā mākou ka mana ma luna o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka hana, a hiki ke loaʻa nā hua o 10 a 20 mau manawa hou aku i kēlā me kēia kapuaʻi square. Ua uhaki mākou i ke kani o ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu i loko o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
No ka makemake o nā tōmato i ka lā, he wahi maikaʻi ʻo Arizona e ulu ai.
"Aia ma kahi o 500 mau ʻeka i kēia manawa ma lalo o ka mahi ʻana i ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma Arizona, a ua ulu aʻe ka hana ʻana ma lalo o ke aniani i ko mākou mokuʻāina i kahi mākeke $2.2 biliona," wahi a Gene Giacomelli, ka luna o ka Ke Kikowaena Mahiai Kaiapuni Mana o ke Kulanui o Arizona. Hiki i ka CEAC ke hana i ka hydroponically ma kahi o 1,200 mau tōmato, pepa a i ʻole nā mea kanu kukumba i loko o kona 5,000-plus kapuaʻi square o ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hoʻomehana ʻia i ka wai.
"ʻAʻole e hele ana nā nalu Amber i loko o ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo i kēlā me kēia manawa, akā ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kaiapuni kahi mākeke niche e ulu wikiwiki nei no nā mea kūikawā e like me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻōmato, pepa, kukama, letus, microgreens a me nā strawberries," wahi a Giacomelli. “ʻO ka hui e ulu nei e like me kā mākou e kamaʻilio nei, ʻo ia ka mea mahiʻai pāhana liʻiliʻi, he hapahā o ka ʻeka (10,000 kapuaʻi square), a i ʻole hoʻokahi kaukani kapuaʻi square, makemake e ulu a puni ka makahiki.
"Aia ka wā e hiki mai ana no ka mahiʻai maʻamau," wahi a Giacomelli. "ʻO ka manaʻo i nā haneli haneli o nā ʻeka o ka mahiʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻo e pani i ka mahiʻai ākea he mea kūpono ʻole, akā ke hana nei ka ulu ʻana o ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe ma nā wahi e like me ka South Pole ma Antarctica, a i kekahi lā paha, ma ka ʻili o ka mahina a i ʻole Mars. . Inā he mea kūpono ʻole ia, e hoʻomanaʻo i ka hana ʻana o ka māla a me ka ulu ʻana ma lalo o ke aniani ke ʻano like me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo nā kumu kumu o nā mea kanu e pono ai ka ulu ʻana e mau nō ia no nā ʻōnaehana hana kanu āpau.
ʻO Jensen ke alakaʻi ʻōlelo ma ka seminar makahiki, "Controlled Environment Agriculture for Food Production within Traditional Rural and Non-Traditional Urban Farms." Ua kūkākūkā ʻo ia pehea e ulu pono ai nā mea kanu hydroponic ma lalo o ka uhi, a ua ʻike ʻo ia ke nānā pono ʻia ka manaʻo o ka māla ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o nā pilikia hoʻololi i ke aniau.
"Ua nui aʻe ka poʻe pono e hānai ʻia, a ke kūʻai aku nei ka poʻe mahiʻai lepo i kā lākou mau mahina ʻai no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale, me nā hale i kūkulu ʻia ma kekahi o nā ʻāina mahiʻai maikaʻi loa," wahi āna. “Pono mākou e hoʻohana i kahi ʻōnaehana akamai e hoʻonui i ka meaʻai i kēlā me kēia kapuaʻi square, ma ke alo a i ʻole ke kū pololei, me nā kumu waina e piʻi ana i 12 kapuaʻi i ka lewa.
"E hoʻoholo i ke ala āu e makemake ai e hele ma mua o kou hele ʻana i ka huakaʻi," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Jensen, a ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i kahi hale hoʻomaka kumu 20 a 30 kapuaʻi ākea a 50 a 100 kapuaʻi ka lōʻihi.
ʻO nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo, inā kū kūʻokoʻa a i ʻole ʻaoʻao ʻekolu lean-to (i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi hale e kū nei), ʻaʻole hele mai me nā puke aʻo, no laila pono ʻoe e hana i kāu haʻawina ma mua, wahi āna.
He ʻoihana ulu ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā meaʻai, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻāina no ka mahiʻai ʻana, ʻoiai ke hoʻololi nei ka maloʻo a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ke aniau i ka hana maʻamau, ʻoiai e piʻi mau ana ka hemahema o nā limahana a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka noi no nā meaʻai kūloko a me ka hoʻomau. Inā ma ke ʻano o ka māla hāmama, nā pā kīhāpai ma luna o ka hale a i ʻole nā kaiapuni i pale ʻia e like me nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe a me ka hydroponics a me ka mahiʻai kūpaʻa, e pāʻani ka mahiʻai kūlanakauhale i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mea kanu e hiki mai ana, e like me Jensen.
— Lee Allen, VGN mea kakau