Ke ulu nui nei ka ʻoihana meaʻai i ke olakino lepo a me nā microbes lepo maikaʻi, me nā fungi mycorrhizal. ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pono mai ka mycorrhizal fungi ma lalo o nā kūlana kahua pāʻoihana. ʻO ka mahiʻai ikaika, ka fumigation lepo, fallow a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu hoʻokipa non-mycorrhizal - e like me nā mea i loko o nā ʻohana brassica (Brassicaceae) a me ka beet (Amaranthaceae) - hoʻemi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mycorrhizal inoculum i ka lepo, a me ka hiki ke hoʻomau i ka ʻai. nā aʻa e nā fungi mycorrhizal.
Me hapa o Hoʻonui i nā mea kanu uhi no ka ʻoihana mea kanu (VG16068) - he hoʻolimalima kālā hoʻolālā ma lalo o ka Hort Innovation Vegetable Fund - ua nānā ka pūʻulu papahana i ka hiki ke uhi i nā mea kanu, me nā inoculants mycorrhizal pāʻoihana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka ʻai ʻāina, e hoʻonui i ka pono mycorrhizal fungi i nā mea kanu mea kanu. Pono ka hoʻonui ʻana no ka mea ua ʻike ʻia he haʻahaʻa ka pae o ka mycorrhizal colonization ma nā mea kanu mea kanu. Eia nō naʻe, paʻakikī ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pae o ka mycorrhizal colonization i nā mea kanu ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe loa o nā pae phosphorus lepo.
Nā mea nui a me nā manaʻo
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ʻana i nā haʻupaʻa mycorrhizal i loko o nā mea kanu mea kanu kalepa ma Australia e koi ʻia nā hana e hoʻonui ai i nā haʻuki pono, me ka 14 pākēneka wale nō o nā mea kanu mea kanu i hōʻike ʻia e hōʻike ana i nā hui mycorrhizal.
ʻAʻole i kūleʻa ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻonui i ka pae mycorrhizal i nā mea kanu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea uhi uhi i hui pū ʻia me nā inoculants mycorrhizal kalepa a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka mahiʻai ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua kula like ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā inoculants ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka phosphorus lepo kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa i loko o nā ʻāina ulu meaʻai ke kāohi nei i ka noho ʻana o ke aʻa mycorrhizal o nā mea kanu uhi a me nā mea kanu mea kanu.
No nā mea kanu mea kanu makemake i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hui mycorrhizal i kā lākou uhi uhi a me nā mea kanu mea kanu, eia nā kūlana "ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi" no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā pae mycorrhizal:
- Nā lepo me nā pae phosphorus i loaʻa haʻahaʻa (Olsen-P <50 ppm).
- Nā lepo hoʻopaʻa phosphorus ikaika (e laʻa, ʻo Tasmania ʻākau a me ke komohana hema o WA).
- ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hana huaʻai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka compost.
No ke aha e hoʻolaha ai i nā fungi mycorrhizal? Nā pōmaikaʻi ma o ka symbiosis
ʻO Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ka 'flagships' o nā haʻi maikaʻi, me kā lākou mau pōmaikaʻi i ʻike nui ʻia ma waena o ka ʻoihana mea kanu a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā huahana inoculant mycorrhizal.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā aʻa mea kanu e nā fungi mycorrhizal e hāʻawi i kekahi mau pono kūpono e komo pū ana:
- Hoʻonui i ka lawe ʻana i nā meaʻai meaʻai ʻole, ʻoi aku ka phosphorus a me ka zinc
- Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka meaʻai o nā hua.
- Hoʻonui i ka hua.
- Nā waiwai biostimulant.
- Ka pale ʻana i nā aʻa hoʻokipa mai kekahi mau pathogens.
- Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā pilina wai, ʻoi aku ma lalo o ka palena o nā meaʻai.
- Hoʻemi haʻalulu hoʻololi.
- Hoʻonui i ka hoʻohui ʻāina ma o ka glomalin.
ʻO nā haʻiki Mycorrhizal he ʻano ʻano like ʻole me ka ʻoi aku o 15 genera a me 150 mau ʻano. Ma nā ʻāina mahiʻai, hiki i nā haʻani mycorrhizal ke hana ma waena o ʻelima a me 50 pākēneka o ka biomass o nā microbes lepo.
Loaʻa i nā ʻāina āpau kekahi mau haʻi mycorrhizal, akā ʻokoʻa ka inoculum (spores, ʻāpana aʻa a me hyphae) a me nā ʻano fungal. No ke ola a me ka ulu ʻana, pono nā fungi mycorrhizal i kahi mea kanu ola e hāʻawi ai i ka meaʻai (photosynthates) ma ke kūʻai ʻana i nā pono e pili ana i ka pilina symbiotic.
ʻIke ʻia ka hui ʻana ma waena o nā fungi mycorrhizal a me ka mea kanu ma ke ana ʻana i nā pae o nā kolo. Hoʻopili kēia i ka lawe ʻana i nā laʻana aʻa mai nā mea kanu, ka ʻili ʻana i mea e hōʻike ai i nā haʻani mycorrhizal a me ka nānā ʻana i nā aʻa no nā hale mycorrhizal (hyphae, arbuscles a i ʻole vesicles). Hoʻohana ʻia kēia no ka helu ʻana i ka pākēneka o nā aʻa i kolo ʻia.
ʻO Mycorrhizal fungi i nā mea kanu mea kanu kalepa - pono anei e hoʻonui?
Ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka noho ʻana o ka mycorrhizal i nā mea kanu mea kanu pāʻoihana haʻahaʻa. He 14 pākēneka wale nō o nā mea kanu mea kanu i hōʻike ʻia he hui mycorrhizal (e nānā i ka Papa 1). ʻO kēlā mau mea kanu me nā hui mycorrhizal, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke aʻa colonization (Papa 1, Kiʻi 1). He 57 mau mea kanu mea kanu i hoʻohālike ʻia ma waena o 22 mau mahiʻai. Ua lawe ʻia nā kumu kumu mai nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia ma Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia a me Tasmania. Ua hoʻāʻo pū ʻia nā ʻōpala a me nā eggplants i ulu ʻia ma ka hale tunnel ma Australia Hema.
Hoʻonui i nā hui mycorrhizal
I loko o ʻehā mau hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua hoʻāʻo mākou e hoʻoikaika i ka noho ʻana o ka mycorrhizal i loko o nā mea kanu uhi a i ʻole nā leeks a i ʻole ke kulina me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano mea kanu uhi me nā inoculants mycorrhizal a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana.
He haʻahaʻa ka pae o ka ʻaʻa mycorrhizal i nā mea kanu uhi (Papa 2) a ʻaʻole i hoʻonui i ka pae mycorrhizal i loko o ka lepo a i ʻole nā mea kanu ʻai. ʻO Sorghum wale nō ka mea kanu uhi i loaʻa i ke aʻa mycorrhizal maʻalahi (> 10%).
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka inoculum mycorrhizal i ka mea uhi ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana a i ʻole pololei i ka mea kanu ʻaʻole i hoʻonui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka noho ʻana o ke aʻa o ke kulina a i ʻole ka leek i ka ʻohi ʻana a i ʻole ka ulu ʻana a me ka hua.
ʻO ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka phosphorus lepo e hoʻopaʻa i nā fungi mycorrhizal
Loaʻa nā pae phosphorus lepo kiʻekiʻe (Olsen-P > 100 ppm) maʻamau i ka lepo ulu meaʻai. Hiki i ia mau pae kiʻekiʻe o ka phosphorus lepo ke hoʻopaʻa i ka noho ʻana o ke aʻa o nā mea kanu uhi a me nā mea kanu mea kanu. ʻAʻole i lanakila ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā inoculants mycorrhizal i kēia palena. Ma nā lepo me nā waiwai Olsen-P ma luna o 50 ppm ka mea kanu hoʻokipa, nāna e hoʻomalu i ke kaʻina hana colonization, ʻaʻole maʻamau e ʻae i ka haʻi mycorrhizal i ke aʻa.
Ua loaʻa iā mākou kekahi mau mea kanu uhi a me nā mea kanu mea kanu me nā kumukūʻai koloni aʻa. Loaʻa nā pae phosphorus haʻahaʻa i kēia mau pūnaewele. No ka la'ana, he 78 ppm ka waiwai o Olsen-P o ka oat me ka 7 pakeneka.
No nā mea kanu mea kanu makemake e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hui mycorrhizal i kā lākou uhi uhi a me nā mea kanu mea kanu, manaʻo mākou i nā kūlana 'best bet' penei:
- Nā lepo me nā pae phosphorus maʻalahi (< 50 ppm Olsen-P; nā hoʻololi like ʻana no nā hoʻokolohua lepo ʻē aʻe: <140 ppm Colwell-P, <110 ppm Bray-P a i ʻole <105 ppm Mehlich-3-P).
- ʻO ka lepo hoʻopaʻa phosphorus ikaika (e laʻa, Ferrosols ma ka ʻākau o Tasmania; lepo ma ke komohana hema o WA). E ʻimi i nā ʻāina me ka papa kuhikuhi hoʻopaʻa phosphorus kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka papa kuhikuhi hoʻopaʻa phosphorus.
- ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka compost. Ma Australia Hema, ʻike mau mākou i ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka mycorrhizal aʻa ma Solanaceae nā mea kanu i ulu i loko o ka ʻohi pale ʻia, ʻoiai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea fumigants lepo. Ua hoʻohana kēia mau ʻōnaehana i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka compost i hui pū ʻia me nā inoculants mycorrhizal.
Hāʻawi kēia mau kūlana 'best bet' i alakaʻi i kēlā poʻe mea ulu e makemake ana e hoʻonui i nā pae haʻi mycorrhizal. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hōʻike i nā pōmaikaʻi o nā fungi mycorrhizal hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i nā mea kanu mea kanu ma lalo o nā kūlana kalepa.
No ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i nā mea kanu uhi i hana ʻia e ka papahana VG16068, e kipa ka punaewele Soil Wealth a nānā nā kumu waiwai e pili ana i nā mea kanu.
Ua kākoʻo kālā ʻia kēia papahana e Hort Innovation me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea kanu a me ka ʻauhau hoʻomohala a me nā haʻawina mai ke Aupuni Australia.