Inā ʻoe i ʻimi i kahi kumu ikehu hou – solar, makani, geothermal a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe – ma ke ʻano he ala e hoʻoikaika ai i kāu mahiʻai a hoʻoholo i ke kumu kūʻai nui, pono ʻoe e nānā hou. ʻO ka hiki ke mālama i ke kālā he nui loa ke nānā ʻole, wahi a Jim Byrum, ka pelekikena o ka ʻAhahui ʻAi-ʻoihana ʻo Michigan.
"He nui ka poʻe o ke kua'āina e haʻi iā ʻoe he kumu kūʻai nui loa ia no ka mea ua nānā lākou iā ia i kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, akā ke loli nei nā mea a loli koke," wahi āna.
Ua haʻi ʻo Byrum i ka wā "Powering Michigan Agriculture with Renewable Energy," he hālāwai kūkā i mālama ʻia ma East Lansing, Michigan. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e hana ana nā ʻenehana hou i nā manawa i loaʻa ʻole i kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai o ka ikehu hou ma mua o ka wā ma mua.
Ma ka haʻi ʻana i kahi helu USDA, ʻōlelo ʻo Byrum he 30 ka nui o nā lilo ma ka mahiʻai e pili ana i ka ikehu. ʻO ia ke kumukūʻai hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia. ʻO kahi mea maʻalahi e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻōpuʻu kukui hiki ke hōʻemi i kou kumukūʻai ikehu ma ka hapahā.
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai holoholona, nā hale hana meaʻai a me nā hana mahiʻai ʻē aʻe e koi nui i ka ikehu e holo ai a ke nānā ʻia nei i kēia mau lā e pili ana i ka "hoʻomau." ʻO nā pahuhopu hoʻoikaika ikaika o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e koi aku i nā mea hoʻolako i ka ikehu hou me ka ikaika ʻoi aku ma mua o nā lula aupuni i hiki, wahi a Byrum.
"Ua noʻonoʻo au i ka hoʻomau ʻana ʻo ia ka mea e loaʻa iā ʻoe ke kālā i hiki iā ʻoe ke mahiʻai i ka makahiki aʻe," wahi āna. "Ua loli iki kēlā wehewehe."
I kēia mau lā, ke nānā nei nā kamaʻāina ʻoihana i ka ikehu hou ʻaʻole he koho akā ma ke ʻano he kauoha, a ʻo ka nui o kēia mau hana e hahai i kā lākou mea hoʻolako, me nā mea mahiʻai, wahi āna.
Akā aia ka nūhou maikaʻi. Ua loaʻa i ka USDA a me nā polokalamu aupuni ʻē aʻe ke kōkua no nā papahana ikehu hou i ka mahiʻai, a ua hāʻule nā kumukūʻai hoʻokomo no nā mea e like me ka lā a me ka makani. Aia naʻe nā pilikia ma Michigan a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe. Aia ka hapa nui o nā mahiʻai ma nā wahi kuaʻāina, kahi i kaupalena ʻia ke komo ʻana i ka ikehu i ka ulu ʻana, wahi a Byrum.
No ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i nā polokalamu ikehu hou ma kou wahi, e hoʻokaʻaʻike aku me kāu mea hoʻohana mana kūloko, wahi āna.
"Pono mākou i ka mahiʻai e kamaʻilio maikaʻi me nā mea pono e pili ana i kā mākou mau koi, a me kā mākou mau manawa kūpono," wahi a Byrum.
poe
Ken Zebarah, he luna kuai no ʻOhi ʻOhi Energy Solutions, waiho ʻia nā pono o ka hele ʻana me ka mana o ka lā. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ikehu lā ma mua o ka wā ma mua. Hāʻawi ke aupuni i ke kākoʻo ma ke ʻano o nā haʻawina a me nā ʻauhau ʻauhau. Hāʻawi pū nā mea hoʻohana ʻo Michigan i nā mea hoʻoikaika like ʻole. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e hiki i ka mea ulu maʻamau ke hoʻihoʻi i kāna kālā mua i loko o ʻehā a ʻewalu mau makahiki.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā panela solar he 25 a hiki i 30 mau makahiki a koi ʻia ka mālama liʻiliʻi. Hiki ke kau ʻia nā panela ma nā ʻano hale kino āpau, a hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻonui i ka wā e hiki mai ana, wahi a Zebarah.
Ma mua o ka hele ʻana me ka lā, e ʻae i kahi loea e aʻo i kāu pila uila a hana i kahi loiloi kālā. E noʻonoʻo i ka nui o ke kino e lawe ʻia e nā panela, a e hōʻoia i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻauhau iā ʻoe, wahi āna.
Ke huki nei ʻoe i ke kumu, ʻo ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa - me ka hana pepa, ke kūʻai ʻana, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka pilina - hiki ke lawe i hoʻokahi makahiki, wahi a Zebarah.
makani
ʻO Steve Harsh, he loea Extension me Michigan State University (MSU), i ʻōlelo ʻia nā ʻōnaehana ikehu makani liʻiliʻi hiki ke hoʻopau i nā kumukūʻai uila ma ka mahiʻai, akā he mea nui e loiloi i ka nui o ka makani i kou wahi. Pono kāu mahiʻai i ka makani makani ma ka liʻiliʻi he 10 a 12 mau mile i kēlā me kēia hola (aia nā hui e hiki ke ana i ka wikiwiki o ka makani) e hana i ka turbine kūpono i kou manawa, wahi āna.
No ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi turbine makani liʻiliʻi, pono ʻoe e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā pilikia hoʻomalu: zoning municipal a me ke kūkulu hale, ʻinikua a me ka hoʻohui pūnaewele, e inoa i kekahi. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā kānāwai ma Michigan i ʻeono makahiki i hala aku nei e maʻalahi ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka mana mana, wahi a Harsh.
Pono ʻoe ma kahi o 1 ʻeka o ka ʻāina no ka turbine makani liʻiliʻi, a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana mai kāu laina waiwai ma kahi o 1.25 ʻeka (hāʻule nā turbines, i kekahi mau hihia). ʻAʻole ʻoe makemake i ka nui o nā hale a me nā lāʻau kokoke. A makemake paha ʻoe e nānā me kou mau hoalauna ma mua o ke kau ʻana i kahi turbine, wahi a Harsh.
ʻO Geothermal
ʻO Timothy Schultz, ka pelekikena o Terra Caloric, ka mea i hoʻokomo i nā ʻōnaehana geothermal nui (wela mai ka honua), i kūkākūkā i kahi hoʻolālā lā/geothermal hybrid no nā noho kuaʻāina.
"Loaʻa ka manaʻo o Solar, akā hiki i ka geothermal ke hoʻolilo i ka lā i ʻoi aku ka naʻauao," wahi a Schultz.
Me ke ʻano hybrid, hoʻopili ʻoe i ka lā a me ka honua, e huki ana i ka mana mai luna a lalo. Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i kou mana āpau mai ka geothermal wale nō, ʻoiaʻiʻo, akā ʻo ka invasiveness a me ke kumukūʻai o ka hoʻonohonoho mua ʻana ʻo ia ka kuʻekuʻe Achilles o ka ʻoihana, wahi āna.
"ʻAʻohe mea nīnau i ka ʻenehana," wahi a Schultz. “He mea kupaianaha. Akā pono mākou e hoʻoponopono i kēlā pilikia koʻikoʻi. "
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia aia ma kahi o hoʻokahi miliona pūnāwai ma Michigan - kahi waiwai nui, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mana geothermal. Hiki i kahi ʻōnaehana geothermal liʻiliʻi ke paʻi i loko o kēlā mau pūnāwai a ʻoki loa i nā kumukūʻai ikehu i ka hapalua - ʻaʻole e haʻi i ke kōkua ʻana i ke kaiapuni, wahi āna.
Anaerobic Digestion
ʻO Dana Kirk, he loea kōkua me MSU, kūkākūkā anaerobic digestion, ke kaʻina hana ola e wāwahi ai nā microorganisms i nā mea biodegradable. ʻO nā huahana hope o ka anaerobic digestion ka methane, biogas a me ka digestate, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i mea hoʻomomona. Hiki ke puhi ʻia ka biogas no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka wela a me ka uila, a i ʻole hiki ke hana ʻia i ke kinoea maoli a me ka wahie kaʻa.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kirk, ʻehiku mau mea hoʻoheheʻe anaerobic e hana ana ma nā mahiʻai ʻo Michigan, e ʻeli ana i ka manure mai kahi o 40,000 mau mea hānai a me nā puaʻa a e hana ana ma waena o 3.2 a me 3.6 megawatts o ka uila. Ke hōʻemi nei nā digester i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o carbon dioxide ma kahi o 50,000 metric tons i ka makahiki.
Ke makemake nei ka ʻoihana waiu US e hoʻokomo i nā digesters 1,500 ma nā māla waiu a puni ka ʻāina, me ka pahuhopu e hōʻemi i ka wāwae kalapona o ka hana waiū, ʻōlelo ʻo ia.
Aia kekahi manawa nui loa i ka ʻōpala hoʻoponopono meaʻai, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu ma mua o ka manure. Hoʻopuka ʻo Michigan ma kahi o 800 a 1,000 tons o ka ʻōpala meaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā. Inā ʻeli ʻia ma ke ʻano anaerobic, hiki i kēlā ʻōpala ke hoʻohua i ka ikehu nui. A i ʻole, hoʻopau ʻia i loko o kahi paipu sewer a i ʻole ma kahi kaʻa e hele ana i kahi ʻāina, wahi a Kirk.
Nā mea kanu bioenergy
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu bioenergy - oriental mustard, canola, switchgrass, etc. - e hana i ka bioenergy ma ke ʻano o nā mea paʻa (biomass) a me nā wai (bifuels). ʻO nā mea kanu bioenergy kahi manawa kūpono no ka mahiʻai ʻo Michigan, akā ʻaʻole paha lākou ma ka ʻāina mahiʻai nui loa. Hiki iā lākou ke ulu ma ka ʻāina marginal, akā naʻe - he nui ka mokuʻāina, wahi a ʻO Charles Gould, he kumu aʻo MSU Extension.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Gould i nā ʻāpana pale a me nā ʻāpana kānana a pae i nā ala wai. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia he 17,000 mau ʻeka i loko o nā wahi pāʻani mokuʻāina, 5,000 mau ʻeka ma Detroit a ʻoi aku ma mua o 1,200 ma Flint. Aia he mau haneli ʻeka o ka ʻāina marginal a puni nā mokulele municipal. Aia paha he 9,000 a 12,000 ʻeka o ka ʻāina ʻākau o ke ala nui ma ka mokuʻāina. Akā aia nā pale i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau ʻāina, i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia, me nā ʻāina maikaʻi ʻole a me nā mokuʻāina a me nā luna aupuni e kānalua nei e ʻae i ke komo.
He mau pilikia ʻē aʻe i ke kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu bioenergy. ʻAʻohe lāʻau herbicide i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia no kekahi, no laila pono nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana no ka mālama ʻana i ka mauʻu. Aia kekahi hapa nui o ka ʻike e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana i kekahi mau mea kanu, a nele ʻo Michigan i nā lako hana pono a me nā kaulahao lako, wahi āna.
"Aia nā manawa kūpono, akā pono e hana ʻia ka hana no kēia mea ma kahi ākea nui," wahi a Gould.
- Matt Milkovich, hooponopono hooponopono