No ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hōʻiliʻili waiwai, pono nā māla a me nā māla e pale i nā mea kanu mai ka hoʻouka kaua mau ʻana, e hoʻopilikia nui i kona nui a hoʻonui i ka maikaʻi. ʻO nā poho mai ka hopena o nā pests hiki ke piʻi i ka hapahā o ka hua, a i kekahi mau mea e alakaʻi i kona luku piha. Ua hoʻomākaukau nā loea o ka lālā Krasnoyarsk o Rosselkhoznadzor i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana i kahi ʻohi maikaʻi.
Hiki ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hua kiʻekiʻe e kahi ʻōnaehana pale o nā mea kanu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano agrotechnical, mechanical, chemical a me nā ʻano olaola o ka pest a me ka hoʻomalu maʻi.
ʻO ke ʻano agrotechnical kekahi o nā ʻano ākea ākea o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hua, ʻo ia ka mea nui i ka pale ʻana i ke ʻano o nā pests a me nā maʻi. E pili ana i ka pale ʻana i nā mea kanu, he ala kūpono ia e pale ai i nā maʻi bacterial a fungal. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻano agrotechnical āpau i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā ʻano hana like ʻole no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kūlana kūpono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kanu kanu a me ka luku ʻana i nā mauʻu a me nā pōpoki. ʻO ka manawa o ke kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu ma ka ʻāina ākea he mea nui no ka pale ʻana i nā pest. ʻO ka mālama pono ʻana i nā mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi ka weeding, ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo, ka wehe ʻana i ka ʻōpala o nā mea kanu, hoʻonui ka fertilization i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā mea kanu i nā pests. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka moʻomeheu i ulu ʻia ma kahi hoʻokahi e pale aku i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā mea ʻino, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea e hoʻomau i nā koena mea kanu.
Aia ia i nā kūlana climatic kūloko pehea e pili ai kēia ʻano agrotechnical i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, i ka wā e hoʻolālā ai i ka hana kula, pono ʻoe e hoʻomanaʻo mau i nā ʻano ʻano kūloko.
ka ʻano mechanical hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka mahi ʻana i nā mea kanu mea kanu ma nā pā hale a pili pono i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ka luku ʻana i nā hua, nā larvae, nā pests makua. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻiliʻili maikaʻi, he mea nui ia e luku i nā hua manu o nā iʻa keʻokeʻo a me nā scoops i ka manawa, nā kolone puna mua o nā aphids.
ka ʻano kemika hoʻohana ʻia i ka hihia inā ʻaʻole i lawe mai ke koena kālā i ka hopena i makemake ʻia a i ʻole nā pests i laha ma ka pūnaewele.
Aia nā hui like ʻole o nā huahana pale mea kanu ma muli o nā mea ʻino i hoʻohana ʻia:
- Insecticides - nā hoʻomākaukau i manaʻo ʻia no ka luku ʻana i nā pepeke;
Wahi a ke ʻano o ka hana, ua māhele ʻia nā insecticides i ʻehā mau pūʻulu:
1.1. Hoʻokaʻaʻike i nā pepeke - hoʻopau i nā iniseti i ka pilina pololei me ka pest. ʻO ia hoʻi, inā ʻoe i hoʻohana i kēlā lāʻau lapaʻau ma kahi kokoke i kahi pūnana wasp i loko o ka hale, a laila ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke makaʻu e pilikia ka hive me nā pi.
1.2. ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻawaʻawa – komo pū i loko o ke kino o ka pepeke me ka meaʻai a make. Ma ke ʻano maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia ia mau lāʻau i ka hakakā ʻana i nā ʻōpala gnawing.
1.3. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā insecticides systemic i loko o ke aʻa a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā mea kanu, e luku ana i nā iniseti e noho ana ma laila. ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa iā lākou nā mea me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻona.
1.4. He ʻano kinoea nā fumigants a hana ma o nā ʻōpū hanu o nā pests, pēlā e hakakā pono ai iā lākou.
Aia kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau o ka hana koho, pili wale lākou i kekahi mau ʻano pests, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā iniseti pollinating pōʻino.
Aia i waena o lākou nā:
a. Acaricides - nā lāʻau lapaʻau no ka luku ʻana i nā ticks;
b. ʻO nā insecticides nā mea hana e pepehi ai i ka nui o nā iniseti a me nā mite, ʻo ka luku ʻana iā ia e koi ai i kahi ala kūikawā a me nā mea hana;
c. ʻO nā Acycides nā mea lāʻau insecticides mai nā aphids wale nō;
G. Larvicides - he hui o nā inikini e pepehi ana i nā larvae a me nā enuhe o nā pests;
d. Ovicides - nā mea hana e hoʻopilikia i nā hua o nā iniseti a me nā ʻōpala;
- Hoʻolaha - nā lāʻau e pono ai e hakakā i nā maʻi viral a me nā fungal.
Ma muli o ka hana o ka pathogen, ua māhele ʻia lākou i:
2.1. Kāohi, a i ʻole pale (pale i ka maʻi o ka mea kanu);
2.2. Therapeutic, a i ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻana (no ka make ʻana o nā haʻani ma hope o ka maʻi o ka mea kanu). - Nā lāʻau make kai - nā lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka mauʻu.
Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hana i nā mea kanu, aia nā:
3.1. ʻO nā herbicides o ka hana mau - pepehi i nā ʻano mea kanu āpau.
3.2. ʻO nā herbicides o ka hana koho - luku i kekahi mau ʻano mea kanu a ʻaʻole hana i nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o ka māla e hoʻopaʻa i ka mauʻu.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻonui nui nā māla a me nā māla i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kemika, no ka mea, ʻo ka hopena koke o kēia mau lāʻau e hoʻowalewale i ka hoʻohana ʻana iā lākou. Eia nō naʻe, me ke ʻano kemika o ka mālama ʻana i nā pest, pono e nānā i nā hana palekana, hoʻohana i ka PPE, a hahai i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o ka lāʻau i hoʻohana pono ʻia. Pono nō hoʻi e hōʻoia i ka māhele like ʻana o ka huahana i noi ʻia. ʻO ka mālama pono ʻole ʻana i nā mea kanu me nā hoʻomākaukau kemika e alakaʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole pau nā pests i luku ʻia, ua hana ʻia nā kūlana no kā lākou habituation i kēia lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻano lāʻau insecticide. Eia kekahi, inā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka nui o kahi hoʻomākaukau kemika i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā pests a me nā maʻi, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o nā mea ʻino i nā kānaka i ka lepo, a, no laila, ka meaʻai mai ka māla, hiki ke hiki i kahi palena koʻikoʻi.